Kyoto in 3 Days - Sunrise over Kiyomizu‑dera and the Higashiyama skyline
A patient, photograph-first 3‑day exploration of Kyoto's autumn light and maple fire. Each day balances iconic vistas and quiet, local corners, timed for golden hours and reflective moments. For photographers: suggested vantage points, lighting windows, tripod/permit notes and flexible gaps for serendipity are woven into the pace.
Highlights
- Sunrise over Kiyomizu‑dera and the Higashiyama skyline
- Shirakawa canal lanes and Gion light at golden hour
- Arashiyama bamboo, Okochi Sanso gardens, and Togetsukyo reflections
- Tofuku‑ji maple valley and Eikando's contemplative leaves
- Intimate tea-house light and wagashi textures
More than 42 itineraries in Kyoto.
Itinerary
Day 1
Higashiyama waking light: temples and tea houses. Begin before sunrise to take advantage of empty platforms and soft light on stone lanes. Allow time for slow shoebox moments along Sannen‑zaka and a quiet tea pause.
Dawn: Kiyomizu‑dera panorama (sunrise shooting)
Catch first light on the wooden stage and the low slopes of Higashiyama. Aim for the broad temple silhouette and the valley of maples below while crowds are thin.
- Monday6:00 AM – 6:00 PM
- Tuesday6:00 AM – 6:00 PM
- Wednesday6:00 AM – 6:00 PM
- Thursday6:00 AM – 6:00 PM
- Friday6:00 AM – 6:00 PM
- Saturday6:00 AM – 6:00 PM
- Sunday6:00 AM – 6:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Arrive 20–30 minutes before official opening on kōyō season mornings — the east-facing platform is best for warm backlight; use f/8–11 for landscape depth and a 24–70mm for flexibility.
- Tripods: compact tripods are tolerated in less-crowded hours but can be restricted during peak times; keep a photographer’s mat or wrist strap for quick handheld bracing.
- Accessibility & pacing: there are many stone steps — travel light (one body, two lenses) and keep ISO lower to retain highlight detail in the sky; entrance fee is typical (around ¥400), so carry small change.
Sannen‑zaka & Ninen‑zaka: Textures and alleys
Stroll the preserved stone lanes when shutters open: intimate shopfronts, wood grain, and maple leaves drifting onto steps make excellent detail studies and street portraits.
- MondayOpen 24 hours
- TuesdayOpen 24 hours
- WednesdayOpen 24 hours
- ThursdayOpen 24 hours
- FridayOpen 24 hours
- SaturdayOpen 24 hours
- SundayOpen 24 hours
Tips from local experts:
- Golden hour lingers on the east-facing shops — shoot wide to place people in context, then zoom in for texture frames (50–85mm).
- If a street feels crowded, climb a side stair or courtyard for a quieter vantage; many shop owners permit a quick still photo if you ask politely.
- For accessibility: the lanes are uneven; a lightweight camera sling keeps gear stable. Carry tissues and a small reflector for filling shadow in portraits.
Tea pause at Ippodo — matcha practice and low‑light interiors
A calm tasting and shop visit. Use this mellow hour to record whisked foam textures, the ritual gestures, and soft interior light.
- Monday10:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Tuesday10:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Wednesday10:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Thursday10:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Friday10:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Saturday10:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Sunday10:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Ask for a bar seat by the window if available — it gives directional light for shallow‑depth still life shots of matcha and wagashi.
- Indoor lighting is low and warm; push ISO gently (400–800) and favor stabilized lenses or a very small table tripod. Always ask before shooting staff.
- Ippodo sells small tins and brewing tools — photograph the packaging and textures for a series that tells the tea story (pack carefully in carry-on).
Kodai‑ji: carved lanterns, garden ponds and quiet frames
Visit Kodai‑ji's gardens for composed scenes of stone, water, and maple color among teahouses and moss beds.
- Monday9:00 AM – 5:30 PM
- Tuesday9:00 AM – 5:30 PM
- Wednesday9:00 AM – 5:30 PM
- Thursday9:00 AM – 5:30 PM
- Friday9:00 AM – 5:30 PM
- Saturday9:00 AM – 5:30 PM
- Sunday9:00 AM – 5:30 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Kodai‑ji rewards slower lenses and selective focus — try 35mm for broader garden context and a 70–200mm to isolate lanterns through leaves.
- Tripods are sometimes restricted in tight garden paths; plan to shoot handheld with IBIS or high-ISO techniques for longer exposures.
- Look for small darting moments — birds on lanterns, stone textures moistened by morning dew — they add narrative to wide landscapes.
Lunch and street food light: Nishiki Market
A sensory lunch break among vendors — capture steam, skewers, and candid vendor portraits with shallow depth and fast shutter.
Tips from local experts:
- For food motion (steam, grilling), use 1/250s or faster; for portraits of vendors ask permission and offer a small purchase in thanks.
- Light can be mixed (fluorescent + daylight) — shoot RAW and underexpose slightly to protect highlights then lift shadows in post.
- Keep a 35mm or 50mm on for single-handed work and a small bag for quick lens swaps — market aisles are narrow so move with minimal gear.
Late afternoon: Yasaka Pagoda & Shirakawa canal (golden hour)
Return to Higashiyama for the warm, lean light behind the pagoda and the canal's reflective lanes—an iconic Kyoto frame with a calmer shoulder-hour mood.
- MondayClosed
- TuesdayClosed
- WednesdayClosed
- ThursdayClosed
- FridayClosed
- Saturday10:00 AM – 3:00 PM
- Sunday10:00 AM – 3:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Golden hour renders the pagoda in warm tones; bracket exposures to preserve highlight sky and darker wooden eaves. A polarizer helps reduce canal glare.
- Yasaka Pagoda vantage: shoot from the Shirakawa bank for layered compositions (shop fronts, canal, pagoda). Scout side lanes earlier to find quieter vantage points.
- Tripods can be used on the canal edge during the shoulder hours but be mindful of pedestrian flow; a 70–200mm helps compress the scene and isolate maple bokeh.
Dinner and evening walk: Pontocho Alley
Narrow lanterned alley frames and riverside reflections after dusk — an atmospheric close to day one with warm lamp light and candid ambient shots.
- MondayOpen 24 hours
- TuesdayOpen 24 hours
- WednesdayOpen 24 hours
- ThursdayOpen 24 hours
- FridayOpen 24 hours
- SaturdayOpen 24 hours
- SundayOpen 24 hours
Tips from local experts:
- Low-light handheld: open aperture (f/1.8–2.8) and higher ISO; capture lanterns as context with people in motion for storytelling frames.
- Pontocho has many intimate restaurants; ask permission before photographing inside. Window seats toward the river provide composed night scenes.
- For accessibility: alley is narrow; be ready to step aside for service staff or deliveries. Keep a towel or lens cloth for sudden drizzle from river breezes.
Day 2
Arashiyama and Sagano: bamboo cathedral, hillside gardens, and riverside reflections. Aim early at Togetsukyo and the bamboo grove — afternoons open into secret gardens and quieter temples.
Togetsukyo Bridge at first light
A low-angle sunrise capture across the Hozu River, with misty autumn mornings offering mirror reflections when winds are calm.
- MondayOpen 24 hours
- TuesdayOpen 24 hours
- WednesdayOpen 24 hours
- ThursdayOpen 24 hours
- FridayOpen 24 hours
- SaturdayOpen 24 hours
- SundayOpen 24 hours
Tips from local experts:
- Use a graduated ND to balance bright sky and darker river, or bracket + blend; an 85–200mm compresses distant mountains into the bridge line.
- Early mornings are calmest for reflections — scout the nearest riverside steps for foreground interest (leaves, stones, small boats).
- Facilities: parking and cafe areas open later — bring water and a light layer for crisp valley mornings; Tobetsu bus drop-offs can be timed for minimal walking.
Arashiyama Bamboo Grove: vertical perspective study
Shoot the towering bamboo lanes with vertical compositions and long exposures to suggest motion and scale.
- MondayOpen 24 hours
- TuesdayOpen 24 hours
- WednesdayOpen 24 hours
- ThursdayOpen 24 hours
- FridayOpen 24 hours
- SaturdayOpen 24 hours
- SundayOpen 24 hours
Tips from local experts:
- The grove gets busy fast — aim to be inside within 30 minutes of opening; a 14–24mm or 16–35mm gives immersive vertical lift.
- For ethereal motion: slow shutter (1/4–1s) with a neutral-density filter and gentle intentional camera movement; be mindful of passersby.
- Tripods: narrow paths make tripods awkward; a monopod or well-anchored vest helps. Respect signage and keep to paths to protect roots and moss.
Okochi Sanso Garden: private estate and framed views
A historically designed villa garden with curated vistas, tea houses, and intimate maple pockets — a treasure for composed nature studies.
- Monday9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Tuesday9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Wednesday9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Thursday9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Friday9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Saturday9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Sunday9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Okochi Sanso has an entrance fee and carefully managed paths — bring a mid-range telephoto (70–200mm) to compress layers without stepping off-trail.
- Tea house captures: photograph the small serving bowls and tatami shadows; ask staff for the best seat for natural light if a tea break is possible.
- Timing: mid-to-late morning often provides directional side light in the garden; pack a small microfiber cloth to keep filters clean amid garden mist.
Tenryu‑ji & Sogen Pond reflections
Wide, Zen garden compositions centered on reflected maples and temple rooflines; ideal for low-contrast exposures and mirrored symmetry.
- Monday8:30 AM – 5:00 PM
- Tuesday8:30 AM – 5:00 PM
- Wednesday8:30 AM – 5:00 PM
- Thursday8:30 AM – 5:00 PM
- Friday8:30 AM – 5:00 PM
- Saturday8:30 AM – 5:00 PM
- Sunday8:30 AM – 5:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Polarizer helps control water reflections and deepen foliage color; try symmetrical compositions with the pond center as the axis.
- Wide lens and careful positioning yield reflection panoramas; bracket + HDR blending can preserve detail in darker temple eaves.
- Respect garden flow: many viewpoints are roped — use longer lenses from permitted spots rather than crossing boundaries.
Lunch with a view: Yoshimura (soba) overlooking the river
A riverside soba meal that doubles as a photographic opportunity: window frames, steam, and riverside life.
- Monday11:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Tuesday11:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Wednesday11:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Thursday11:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Friday11:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Saturday11:00 AM – 5:00 PM
- Sunday11:00 AM – 5:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Reserve or arrive early for a window seat to capture diners and the river beyond; food shots benefit from top-down and 45° angles.
- Soba steam and dipping sauces make dynamic closeups — a 50mm f/1.8 is ideal for shallow food portraits that keep background context.
- Respect diners’ privacy — ask before photographing people; small purchases support local eateries who often allow quick interior photography.
Iwatayama Monkey Park: telephoto portraits and ridge views
Telephoto portraits of wild macaques with Kyoto city framed beyond — a different animal perspective to contrast temple stillness.
- Monday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Tuesday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Wednesday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Thursday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Friday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Saturday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Sunday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Bring a 200–400mm range for safe, non‑invasive animal portraiture; do not feed or touch the monkeys — keep distance and follow park staff instructions.
- Trail up to the ridge is steep; use a sling strap and wear good shoes. The summit viewpoint offers compressed city-mountain frames at golden hour if you linger.
- Monkeys move quickly — set continuous AF and a faster shutter (1/500s+) for sharp captures of interaction and fur detail.
Gio‑ji: moss garden and intimate maple pockets (hidden gem)
A small, often quiet temple with moss carpets and a contemplative scale — perfect for soft-focus studies and intimate depth-of-field frames.
- Monday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Tuesday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Wednesday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Thursday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Friday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Saturday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Sunday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Use a 50mm or 85mm for gentle subject isolation; aim for low angles over moss to create layered foreground interest.
- Days after rain are magical here — saturated greens and deeper contrast. Pack a small rain cover for gear and a microfiber cloth for lens wipes.
- This site is quieter than larger temples, but still follow path etiquette: step on designated boards and avoid trampling moss while composing low shots.
Sunset riverside study: Arashiyama park banks
Slow exposures and silhouette frames along the Hozu River as day closes; capture the last warm edge light and boat silhouettes.
- MondayOpen 24 hours
- TuesdayOpen 24 hours
- WednesdayOpen 24 hours
- ThursdayOpen 24 hours
- FridayOpen 24 hours
- SaturdayOpen 24 hours
- SundayOpen 24 hours
Tips from local experts:
- Bring ND and soft‑GND filters for long exposures to create glassy water and streaked cloud effects; a solid tripod is useful here.
- Scout a foreground subject (a branch, rock, or lantern) to anchor long-exposure compositions; golden to blue hour transitions are prime.
- Be mindful of riverbank edges and changing light; pack a headlamp for returning paths if twilight lingers and watch footing on wet stones.
Evening: data backup, review and flexible dinner
End the day with file backup, quick edits, and a relaxed meal — allow your evening to be flexible for any serendipitous returns to favorite frames.
Tips from local experts:
- Carry an external SSD or two SD cards and perform a 1:1 copy in the evening; verify files and swap cards for the next day's early start.
- If you dined at a station-area izakaya, choose a seat with light for quick phone edits and contact-sheet review; a small LED panel helps critical culling.
- Keep your camera bag packed the way you'll depart in the morning: lenses attached and batteries charged — it speeds dawn departures and reduces stress.
Day 3
Tofuku‑ji’s maple valley, the Philosopher’s Path and Eikando’s contemplative leaves: a day of flowing temple geometry, reflective canals and tea‑house textures. Time Eikando later for the softest side light.
Morning: Tofuku‑ji's bridge viewpoints and maple valley
Walk the bridge viewpoints for sweeping kōyō color down the ravine — ideal morning light before crowds and the day’s haze build up.
- Monday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Tuesday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Wednesday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Thursday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Friday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Saturday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
- Sunday9:00 AM – 4:30 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Tofuku‑ji’s main bridge viewpoints are best early; use a mid-range telephoto (70–200mm) to pick out color pockets and rooflines among the foliage.
- Crowd management: shoot handheld with a short burst to capture clear moments between foot traffic; consider return visits later in the afternoon for different light.
- Tripod rules: bridges are narrow and busy; a monopod or high-ISO handheld approach is often more practical here than a full tripod.
Nanzen‑ji: aqueduct arches and temple terraces
Photograph the brick aqueduct arches and temple terraces for architectural contrast against maple textures and walking pilgrims.
- Monday8:40 AM – 5:00 PM
- Tuesday8:40 AM – 5:00 PM
- Wednesday8:40 AM – 5:00 PM
- Thursday8:40 AM – 5:00 PM
- Friday8:40 AM – 5:00 PM
- Saturday8:40 AM – 5:00 PM
- Sunday8:40 AM – 5:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- The Suirokaku aqueduct is an excellent subject for repeated frames: try vantage points from below and above to show scale and leading lines.
- Remove distortion with a mid‑telephoto or correct perspective in post when shooting architecture; a 24–70mm will capture both arches and nearby foliage.
- Accessibility: stairs and slopes are present — allow extra time for lens swaps and positioning, and use a camera strap to free hands on steps.
Philosopher's Path: sequential leaf studies and tea‑house windows
A slow walk along the stone path, shooting details of café windows, canal reflections, and the rhythm of maple canopies.
Tips from local experts:
- Think in sequences: pick a repeating subject (bridge, window, leaf on water) and make a small series to narrate the path.
- Mid-morning is good for even light under the trees; use shallow depth to isolate a leaf against blurred canal bokeh (f/2.8–4).
- Many small teahouses along the route allow quick tea-and-shoot stops — ask for window seats for controlled interior lighting and tea ritual captures.
Lunch & wagashi study at Kagizen Yoshifusa Honten
A classic wagashi shop with delicate sweets and soft natural light — an opportunity to practice product and slow-food still life.
- MondayClosed
- Tuesday9:30 AM – 6:00 PM
- Wednesday9:30 AM – 6:00 PM
- Thursday9:30 AM – 6:00 PM
- Friday9:30 AM – 6:00 PM
- Saturday9:30 AM – 6:00 PM
- Sunday9:30 AM – 6:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Small tea and sweet plates are ideal for macro and tabletop shooting — use a 50mm or macro lens and reflectors to tame shadows from window light.
- Ask the staff for permission to photograph the plated wagashi and the packaging; they often appreciate artists and will pose items thoughtfully.
- Wagashi are perishable and delicate — photograph quickly and consider single-light setups (window + reflector) for consistent imagery.
Eikando (Zenrin‑ji): contemplative leaves and quiet corridors
A temple famed for its late-afternoon maples and a contemplative atmosphere — compositions of corridors, ponds, and single maple specimens.
- Monday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Tuesday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Wednesday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Thursday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Friday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Saturday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
- Sunday9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
Tips from local experts:
- Eikando is known for evening kōyō; if your schedule allows, visit in late afternoon and plan for the soft side light as it often brings out the leaf texture best.
- Tripods may be limited inside indoor halls — use fast glass (f/1.8–2.8) for interior temple corners and handheld low-light shooting.
- If there is a seasonal illumination event, note there may be separate evening admission and restricted zones — check event dates and ticketing for Eikando in autumn.
Gion streets and twilight portraits
Circle back to Gion for refined evening portraits, lantern light, and the river terraces — gentle window-lit portraits and moody environmental frames.
Tips from local experts:
- Seek quieter side lanes off the main tourist axis for portrait setups with lantern light and wooden facades as flattering backgrounds.
- Use a single off-camera LED or a small bounce to add catchlights for quick portraits without disturbing residents; always request permission.
- For silhouette sequences along the lanes, position subjects against warmed lanterns and expose for the highlights to keep mood and color.
Final twilight: Kamo River reflections and slow exposures
A patient twilight session along the Kamogawa — long exposures, reflections of lanterns and bridges, and a closing study of light on water.
Tips from local experts:
- Long exposures (5–30s) create silky water and light trails from passing bicycles and pedestrians; use a solid tripod and remote release or timed shutter.
- Compose with foreground stones or grasses to give depth to the river mirror; a small LED flashlight can be used to paint foreground texture for 1–2s.
- Consider local safety and permissions: riverbanks can be wet and uneven, so wear stable shoes and keep gear padded; avoid blocking pathways used by locals.
Itinerary Attributes
| Days | 3 |
| Highlights | 5 |
| Season | Autumn |
| Month | November |
| Persona | Photographers |
| Transfers | - |
| Restaurants | 3 |
| Total Activities | 23 |
| Total Places | 23 |
| Activities Types | Attraction, Neighborhood, Break, Meal, Outdoor, Restaurant |
Why this experience
This is the koyo (autumn foliage) circuit—a three-day photography itinerary designed to move you through Kyoto's most photographed autumn temples in perfect light sequence. You'll start at Tofuku-ji before dawn, capturing the famous vermillion bridge and maple reflection in still water. Then it's Sennyū-ji Temple for intimate grove work, followed by an afternoon push to Fushimi Inari for the golden light and torii gate silhouettes. On day two, you'll chase dawn at Eikan-do (known for its glowing momiji), walk the photogenic Philosopher's Path at soft morning light, explore Nanzen-ji's temples and gates, then move to Kodai-ji for a different perspective on Higashiyama's maples, finishing at Kiyomizu-dera for the sunset over the city. Day three returns to Arashiyama for the famous bamboo grove at dawn, then moves through less-visited temples (Jojakko-ji, Gio-ji) where you can work without crowds, before a final golden-hour push at Tenryu-ji and Kinkaku-ji.
What makes this a circuit rather than a tour is intentional geographic and temporal flow. You're not backtracking. You're moving with the sun and the crowds. You're understanding Kyoto's autumn light as a progression, not as isolated moments. You'll finish with a comprehensive portfolio of Kyoto's most celebrated autumn scenery.
Best for serious amateur and professional photographers aged 25–60 who understand exposure and composition, and who want to experience autumn foliage tourism from the photographer's perspective.
Before you go
- Best time: Autumn (late October–November) when maple foliage reaches peak color. This itinerary loses its core purpose outside this narrow window. Check foliage forecast reports before booking.
- Budget: Check the booking widget for current tour pricing. Plan for temple entries, modest meals, accommodation near Kyoto center, and transport (included in transit pass).
- Difficulty: Challenging. You're waking at 4:00–4:30 AM daily and walking 10–12 km each day. Terrain is mostly flat but with some stairs (Kiyomizu-dera, Eikan-do entrances). Physically fit photographers will move faster; pacing is flexible.
- What to bring: DSLR or mirrorless camera with wide-angle (24mm or wider) and telephoto (70–200mm) lenses, sturdy tripod (essential for pre-dawn work), circular polarizer (enhances foliage saturation), neutral density filters (for long exposures if desired), extra batteries (at least 3—cold mornings drain them fast), large memory cards, headlamp with red light mode (preserves night vision), waterproof jacket (autumn rain is common), excellent hiking boots, 20L backpack, water and energy snacks.
- Getting there: Stay central to Kyoto (Shimogyo or Higashiyama Ward). Use public transit day passes connecting all temples. Early mornings require taxis to Tofuku-ji and Eikan-do. Rent a bike if you want more independence for the day.
- Accessibility: Tofuku-ji has steps and uneven paths around the maple viewing areas. Sennyū-ji involves some climbing. Eikan-do has a steep staircase entrance but flat gardens inside. Philosopher's Path is flat and paved. Nanzen-ji is accessible. Kodai-ji has stairs. Kiyomizu-dera has a major staircase entrance—alternative viewing exists. Arashiyama is flat. Jojakko-ji involves significant climbing. Gio-ji is accessible. Tenryu-ji is on relatively level grounds. Many locations can accommodate photographers with mobility concerns if you plan rest stops and coordinate with staff.
Frequently asked questions
Is it worth waking at 4:00 AM for photos? Yes, absolutely. Pre-dawn light is when maple leaves glow internally due to backlighting. Plus, you shoot for 2–3 hours before crowds arrive. Most photographers find the effort deeply rewarding.
Can I skip Jojakko-ji if I'm tired? Yes. The circuit is a template. If you need a rest day or easier walk, the circuit still works without it. Flexibility is built in.
What's the best lens for foliage photography? A 24–70mm range covers most needs. A telephoto (70–200mm) lets you isolate specific clusters of leaves and create compressed perspectives. A macro lens (100mm macro) reveals detailed vein patterns. Bring what you have; the light does most of the work.
What's included in this itinerary? This itinerary on TheNextGuide is free to read and follow at your own pace. Temple entries, meals, accommodation, equipment, and transportation are at your own cost and booking.
Complete your trip in Kyoto
This three-day photography circuit is a deep dive into autumn. Pair with or extend to:
- Kyoto in 4 Days - Arashiyama Bamboo Grove at first light — Add a fourth day for Arashiyama alone or extend this circuit by one day.
- Kyoto in 3 Days - Sunrise at Fushimi Inari through quiet toriis — Overlap this with the above for maximum Fushimi Inari focus.
- Kyoto in 3 Days - Dawn light at Kiyomizu-dera and panoramic city views — Another three-day photography circuit with different emphasis.
Browse all Kyoto itineraries at TheNextGuide.
*Last updated: April 2026*
